What type of ions is the ion exchange process typically used to remove?

The ion exchange process is primarily utilized to remove dissolved inorganic ions from water. This process involves the exchange of one set of ions for another, typically involving cations or anions that are commonly found in water. For instance, in water softening applications, calcium and magnesium ions are exchanged for sodium ions to reduce hardness.

This method is effective because it selectively targets ions based on their charge and size, allowing for the attractive removal of specific inorganic ions, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, nitrates, and sulfates. The specificity of the resin used in ion exchange facilitates the efficient removal of undesirable inorganic ions that may contribute to water quality issues, such as salinity and hardness.

Other options, such as organic compounds, heavy metals, and aqueous pathogens, typically require different treatment processes. Organic compounds often necessitate methods like activated carbon adsorption or advanced oxidation processes, while heavy metals may be treated through precipitation or electrocoagulation. Aqueous pathogens are usually removed via filtration methods or disinfection processes, such as chlorination or UV treatment. Thus, while various contaminants can be addressed through water treatment, the ion exchange process is specifically tailored for dissolved inorganic ions.